What Are Opioids?
Opioids are a class of drugs that include both legal prescription pain relievers and illegal substances. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body, primarily:
- Mu receptors (μ)
- Kappa receptors (κ)
- Delta receptors (δ)
This interaction results in:
Pain reduction, euphoria, and sedation through the inhibition of pain signals and the release of dopamine in the brain's reward centers.
Types of Opioids
Natural Opioids
Natural opioids, derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), include morphine and codeine. These substances have been used for thousands of years and remain important in modern medicine. Learn more about the history of opium
Semi-synthetic Opioids
- Hydrocodone
- Oxycodone
- Hydromorphone
- Heroin (illegal in most countries)
Synthetic Opioids
- Fentanyl
- Methadone
- Tramadol
- Meperidine
Medical Uses of Opioids
Opioids serve several crucial medical purposes:
- Acute pain management
- Chronic pain treatment
- Surgical anesthesia
- Palliative care
- Cough suppression (in specific formulations)
- Diarrhea treatment
Risks and Side Effects
Common Side Effects
- Drowsiness
- Constipation
- Nausea and vomiting
- Confusion
- Respiratory depression
Risk of Addiction and Overdose
One of the most significant risks associated with opioids is the potential for addiction. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), opioid overdoses are a leading cause of injury-related deaths in the United States.
Signs of Opioid Addiction
- Increased tolerance
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Compulsive use
- Taking more medication than prescribed
- Using someone else's prescription
- Neglecting responsibilities and relationships
Treatment Options
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)
- Buprenorphine
- Methadone
- Naltrexone
Support Services
- Behavioral therapy
- Counseling
- Support groups
- Recovery programs
Safe Storage and Disposal
Storage Guidelines
- Keep in original container
- Store in a locked cabinet
- Keep away from children and pets
- Maintain at room temperature
Proper Disposal
- Use community take-back programs
- Mix with unpalatable substances
- Seal in container before disposal
- Never flush unless specifically instructed
Seeking Help
If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use:
- Call the SAMHSA National Helpline: 1-800-662-4357
- Contact your healthcare provider
- Visit an addiction specialist
- Seek emergency care for overdose
For more information on opioid safety, visit the National Institute on Drug Abuse or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration website.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical concerns.