What is Ciprofloxacin?
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial infections. Chemically known as C17H18FN3O3, it is available in multiple forms, including tablets, oral suspension, intravenous solutions, and eye drops.
How Ciprofloxacin Works
Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. This mechanism:
- Prevents bacteria from reproducing and repairing themselves
- Stops bacterial growth and multiplication
- Leads to bacterial death
- Is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Common Uses
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Acute bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Chronic sinusitis
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Uncomplicated and complicated UTIs
- Infections caused by E. coli and other urinary pathogens
Gastrointestinal Infections
- Bacterial diarrhea
- Typhoid fever
- Gastroenteritis
- Infections caused by E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Shigella
Additional Applications
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Bone and joint infections (osteomyelitis and septic arthritis)
- Post-surgical infections
- Anthrax exposure prophylaxis and treatment
Dosage and Administration
The dosage varies based on infection type, severity, age, and kidney function:
- Adults: 250-750 mg every 12 hours (oral)
- Children: Dosage based on body weight and specific infection
Important Note: Always complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before completion.
Side Effects and Precautions
Common Side Effects
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Abdominal pain
Serious Side Effects
- Tendon rupture or inflammation
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Mental health changes
- Severe diarrhea
Drug Interactions
| Substance | Effect |
|---|---|
| Antacids | Reduced absorption |
| Caffeine | Increased stimulant effects |
| Iron supplements | Decreased effectiveness |
| NSAIDs | Increased seizure risk |
Risk Groups
- Elderly patients
- Those with kidney problems
- Patients with a history of seizures
- Individuals with myasthenia gravis
Storage and Handling
- Keep at room temperature
- Protect from light and moisture
- Keep out of reach of children
- Dispose of expired medication properly
For more information, visit the FDA's safety communication, Mayo Clinic, or MedlinePlus.
Resistance Concerns
The World Health Organization recommends careful stewardship of fluoroquinolones to prevent antibiotic resistance through:
- Proper prescription practices
- Complete treatment courses
- Regular monitoring of resistance patterns
- Reserved use for appropriate infections